After another couple of weeks using PyTorch my initial enthusiasm has somewhat faded. I still like it a lot, but I have encountered many disadvantages. For one I can now see the advantage of TensorFlows static graphs - it makes the API easier to use. Since the graph is completely defined and then compiled you can just tell each layer how many units it should have and it will infer the number of inputs from whatever it's input is. In PyTorch you need to manually specify the inputs and outputs, which isn't a big deal, but makes it more difficult to tune networks since to change the number of units in a layer you need to change the inputs to the next layer, the batch normalization, etc. whereas with TensorFlow you can just change one number and everything is magically adjusted.

I also think that the TensorFlow API is better than PyTorch. There are some things which are very easy to do in TensorFlow which become incredibly complicated with PyTorch, like adding different regularization amounts to different layers. In TensorFlow there is a parameter to the layer that controls the regularization, in PyTorch you apparently need to loop through all of the parameters and know which ones to add what amount of regularization to.

I suppose one could easily get around these limitations with custom functions and such, and it shouldn't be surprising that TensorFlow seems more mature given that it has the weight of Google behind it, is considered the "industry standard", and has been around for longer. But I now see that TensorFlow has some advantages over PyTorch.

Etiketten: python, machine_learning, tensorflow, pytorch
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When I first started with neural networks I learned them with TensorFlow and it seemed like TensorFlow was pretty much the industry standard. I did however keep hearing about PyTorch which was supposedly better than TensorFlow in many ways, but I never really got around to learning it. Last week I had to do one of my assignments in PyTorch so I finally got around to it, and I am already impressed.

The biggest problem I always had with TensorFlow was that the graphs are static. The entire graph must be defined and compiled before it is run and it can't be altered at runtime. You feed data into the graph and it returns output. This results in the rather awkward tf.Session() which must be created before you can do anything, and which contains all of the parameters for the model.

PyTorch has dynamic graphs which are compiled at runtime. This means that you can change things as you go, including altering the graph while it is running, and you don't need to have all the dimensions of all of the data specified in advance like you do in TensorFlow. You can also do things like change the numbers of neurons in a layer dynamically and drop entire layers at runtime which you can't do with TensorFlow.

Debugging PyTorch is a lot easier since you can just make a change and test it - you don't need to recreate the graph and instantiate a session to test it out. You can just run an optimization step whenever you want. Coming from TensorFlow that is just a breath of fresh air.

TensorFlow still has many advantages, including the fact that it is still an industry standard, is easier to deploy and is better supported. But PyTorch is definitely a worth competitor, is far more flexible, and solves many of the problems with TensorFlow.

Etiketten: python, machine_learning, tensorflow, pytorch
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I was running an AWS Glue job where I was reading Parquet files from an S3 bucket. When I loaded the files individually there were no problems, but when I loaded the entire directory and tried to do any sort of transformation on the data I got this error:

org.apache.spark.SparkException: Job aborted due to stage failure: Task 4 in stage 1.0 failed 4 times, most recent failure: Lost task 4.3 in stage 1.0 (TID 23, ip-172-31-4-9.eu-west-1.compute.internal, executor 1): org.apache.parquet.io.ParquetDecodingException: Can not read value at 0 in block -1 in file s3://... 

I couldn't find any useful information about this online, so thought I'd post the solution here in case anyone else has the same problem.

The problem was that some of the files had columns which were entirely Null and apparently Spark doesn't like that. Reading the files individually I guess it probably read the schema from the file, but reading them as a whole apparently caused errors. I solved the problem by dropping any Null columns before writing the Parquet files.

Etiketten: aws, spark, glue, parquet
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I've been working with AWS Lambda recently and I am very impressed. Usually if I need to set up a microservice or a recurring task or anything like that I'll just set up something on one of my virtual servers so I didn't think Lambda would be all that useful. But it makes it really, really easy to set up little tasks and it is much cheaper than having a whole virtual server.

You can create tasks in a number of different languages, and set up a variety of triggers ranging from HTTP requests to scheduled tasks, and when the Lambda is triggered AWS spins it up, executes it and then shuts it down. Since it is so ephemeral it is completely stateless, but you can load files from S3 buckets if you need data of any sort. I assume you can probably also connect to a variety of AWS databases as well, although I haven't done this yet. If you need additional libraries or packages that are not default you can create a layer containing them.

Lambda is not going to replace servers for most use cases, but I think serverless technology is going to make quite a dent in the near future.

Etiketten: coding, aws, lambda
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My new song - a remix of Rozalla's "Everybody's Free."

Etiketten: music
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